How to justify a ban on doping?

How to justify a ban on doping?

BACKGROUND This article deals with arguments that challenge the possibility of an ethical justification for a doping ban. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE It shows that a justification for the doping ban is only possible if its implementation can be safeguarded. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS Based on the proposition of the game theory, this article examines the scope of the arguments of natur...

To ban or not to ban?

The past four years have seen a steady increase in the number of companies that offer direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing services and in the number of such tests for genetic risk factors, including a wide range of diseases and other non-disease-related traits. These companies sell their tests outside the traditional healthcare setting and often do not involve healthcare professionals for ...

How Intelligence Community Interprets Imprecise (Fuzzy) Words, and How to Justify This Empirical-Based Interpretation

To provide a more precise meaning to imprecise (fuzzy) words like “probable” or “almost certain”, researchers analyzed how often intelligence predictions hedged by each corresponding word turned out to be true. In this paper, we provide a theoretical explanation for the resulting empirical frequencies. 1 How Intelligence Community Interprets Imprecise (Fuzzy) Words Need to interpret imprecise (...

iranian english learners’ perception and personality: a dual approach to investigating influential factors on willingness to communicate

abstract previous studies on willingness to communicate (wtc) have shown the influence of many individual or situational factors on students’ tendency to engage in classroom communication, in which wtc has been viewed either at the trait-level or situational level. however, due to the complexity of the notion of willingness to communicate, the present study suggests that these two strands are ...

To ban or not to ban? - that is the question.